Cystic fibrosis is a rare inherited genetic condition that causes breathing and digestive problems. There is currently no cure, but there are medicines and supportive treatments that can help.

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis

If you have cystic fibrosis, your body makes a thick sticky mucus that can affect your lungs and digestive system. This can cause lots of symptoms and make you more likely to get infections.

Symptoms affecting your lungs include:

• a cough that does not go away and brings up mucus
• wheezing and shortness of breath
• frequent sinus infections (sinusitis) and chest infections

Symptoms affecting your digestive system include:

• constipation
• stomach pain, bloating and swelling
• large, greasy and sticky poos that are hard to flush away

Cystic fibrosis can affect other parts of your body and cause other symptoms, such as:

• in children, not growing as quickly as expected
• in adults, losing weight without trying to
• swollen fingertips and rounder nails
• very salty sweat, which can leave small crystals on your skin

Cystic fibrosis is usually found shortly after birth as part of the NHS newborn screening programme.

But if the condition goes undiagnosed, symptoms may only become noticeable when a child is a teenager.

Causes of cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited genetic condition. It's caused by an altered gene being passed on to a child by both of their parents.

The altered gene causes mucus in the body to become thick and sticky.

If the child only gets an altered gene from 1 parent, they will not have symptoms but they could pass the condition on to any children they have, if their partner also has the altered gene. This is called being a carrier.

If 2 carriers have a baby, then there is a:

• 1 in 4 (25%) chance their child will have cystic fibrosis
• 2 in 4 (50%) chance their child will not get cystic fibrosis but will be a carrier
• 1 in 4 (25%) chance their child will not get cystic fibrosis or be a carrier

Genetic counselling

If either you or your partner are carriers or have cystic fibrosis, then you can ask for genetic counselling. This is when you talk to a specialist about having a baby, who can give you more detailed information about your options.

Your GP or care team should be able to give you more information about genetic counselling.

How cystic fibrosis is diagnosed

Cystic fibrosis is one of the conditions that all babies are checked for as part of the newborn blood spot test.

Tell the person taking the test if anyone in your family has cystic fibrosis.

If the test suggests your baby may have cystic fibrosis, they'll have another test to check the level of salt in their sweat. People with cystic fibrosis usually have high levels of salt in their sweat.

Older children and adults who might have cystic fibrosis will have a blood test followed by a sweat test to check for the condition.

Carrier testing

If a relative has cystic fibrosis or is a known carrier, you can arrange to be tested yourself for the gene. This is known as carrier testing.

You can also ask for carrier testing if your partner has cystic fibrosis or is a known carrier.

How cystic fibrosis affects your life

Cystic fibrosis currently has no cure and can shorten your life.

However, new treatments mean the symptoms can often be managed and many people diagnosed with the condition today will live well past middle-age.

Living with cystic fibrosis can be hard, but having the condition does not always mean you cannot do things like go to school, have a family or get a job.

Cystic fibrosis requires life-long care. If you or your child are diagnosed with it, you will usually be referred to your nearest NHS cystic fibrosis care team.

These teams are made up of different health professionals, usually based in larger NHS hospitals, who can provide treatment, support and advice on living with cystic fibrosis.

Healthy living with cystic fibrosis

There are some things you can do to help lower your risks of complications and stay as healthy as possible if you have cystic fibrosis.

Do

• stay as physically active as possible – this can help with clearing mucus from your body
• try to have a well balanced diet, with enough calories and nutrients to stay healthy – you can ask to speak to an NHS dietitian for more advice
• regularly wash your hands with warm water and soap – this can help reduce the chances of picking up some infections
• consider not meeting other people with cystic fibrosis face-to-face – there's a higher risk of catching serious infections from another person with the condition

Don’t

• do not smoke or vape – this can damage your lungs and make some cystic fibrosis medicines less effective

Complications of cystic fibrosis

People with cystic fibrosis can sometimes have other problems.

Some of these may only develop later on, as a result of the strain that the condition can put on the body.

These can include:

• diabetes
• liver disease
• difficulty getting pregnant or infertility
• weakening of the bones (osteoporosis)
• damage to the lungs

There are treatments that can help manage many of the problems linked to cystic fibrosis.

Help and support for cystic fibrosis

If you're the parent of a child with cystic fibrosis, or you're living with the condition yourself, you may find it useful to talk to other people with cystic fibrosis.

Due to the risk of infection, people with cystic fibrosis should try to avoid close physical contact with each other.

But there are charities that can put you in touch with other people with cystic fibrosis.

Cystic Fibrosis Trust

The Cystic Fibrosis Trust provides useful information for people affected by the condition as well as links to other helpful organisations.