The damage to the lungs associated with bronchiectasis is permanent, but treatment can help prevent the condition getting worse. In most cases, treatment involves a combination of medicine, exercises you can learn, and devices to help clear your airways. Surgery for bronchiectasis is rarely required.

There are also a number of things you can do to help relieve the symptoms of bronchiectasis and stop the condition getting worse. These include:

• stopping smoking (if you smoke)
• having the flu vaccine every year
• making sure you have had the pneumococcal vaccine to protect against pneumonia
• exercising regularly
• keeping yourself well hydrated
• eating a balanced diet

Exercises

There are a range of exercises, known as airway clearance techniques, that can help remove mucus from your lungs. This can often help improve coughing and breathlessness in people with bronchiectasis. You can be referred to a physiotherapist, who can teach you these techniques.

Active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT)

The most widely used technique in the UK is called active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT). It involves repeating a cycle made up of a number of different steps.

These include a period of normal breathing, followed by deep breaths to loosen the mucus and force it up, then coughing the mucus out. The cycle is then repeated for 20 to 30 minutes.

Do not attempt ACBT if you have not first been taught the steps by a suitably trained physiotherapist, as performing the techniques incorrectly could damage your lungs.

If you're otherwise in good health, you'll probably only need to perform ACBT once or twice a day. If you develop a lung infection, you may need to perform ACBT on a more frequent basis.

Postural drainage

Changing your position can also make it easier to remove mucus from your lungs. This is known as postural drainage.

Each technique can involve several complex steps, but most techniques involve leaning or lying down while the physiotherapist or a carer uses their hands to vibrate certain sections of your lungs as you go through a series of "huffing" and coughing.

Devices

There are also a number of handheld devices that can help remove mucus from your lungs. Although these devices look different, most work in a similar way. Generally, they use a combination of vibrations and air pressure to make it easier to cough out any mucus. Such devices are not always available on the NHS, so you may have to pay for one yourself. They usually cost from £45 to £70.

Medicine

In some cases, medicines to make breathing or clearing your lungs easier may be prescribed.

Nebulised medicines

Occasionally, medicine inhaled through a device called a nebuliser may be recommended to help make it easier for you to clear your lungs. Nebulisers are devices consisting of a face mask or mouthpiece, a chamber to convert the medicine into a fine mist, and a compressor to pump the medicine into your lungs.

A number of different medicines can be administered using a nebuliser, including salt water solutions. These medicines help reduce the thickness of your phlegm so it's easier to cough it out. Nebulisers can also be used to administer antibiotics, if necessary.

Bronchodilators

If you have a particularly severe flare-up of symptoms, you may be prescribed bronchodilator medicines on a short-term basis. Bronchodilators are inhaled medicines that help make breathing easier by relaxing the muscles in the lungs.

Antibiotics

If you experience a worsening of symptoms because of a bacterial infection (infective exacerbation), you'll need to be treated with antibiotics.

A sample of phlegm will be taken to determine what type of bacteria is causing the infection, although you'll be initially treated with an antibiotic known to be effective against a number of different bacteria (a broad spectrum antibiotic) because it can take a few days to get the test results.

Depending on the test results, you may be prescribed a different antibiotic, or in some cases a combination of antibiotics known to be effective against the specific bacteria causing the infection.

Preventative treatment

If you have 3 or more infective exacerbations in any 1 year or your symptoms during an infective exacerbation were particularly severe, it may be recommended that you take antibiotics on a long-term basis.

This can help prevent further infections and give your lungs the chance to recover. This could involve taking low-dose antibiotic tablets to minimise the risk of side effects, or using an antibiotic nebuliser.

Using antibiotics in this way increases the risk that 1 or more types of bacteria will develop a resistance to the antibiotic. You may be asked to give regular phlegm samples to check for any resistance.

Surgery

Surgery is only recommended for bronchiectasis if:

• it's only affecting a single section of your lung
• your symptoms are not responding to other treatment
• you do not have an underlying condition that could cause bronchiectasis to come back

The lungs are made up of sections known as lobes – the left lung has 2 lobes and the right lung has 3 lobes. Surgery for focal bronchiectasis would usually involve removing the lobe affected by the bronchiectasis in a type of operation known as a lobectomy.