Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens present in the air. Common triggers include pollen, house dust mites, mould spores, and pet dander. When a person with hay fever comes into contact with these allergens, their immune system releases histamines and other chemicals, causing symptoms such as sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itchy or watery eyes, itchy throat or ears, coughing and fatigue.

Symptoms of hay fever

Hay fever symptoms can range from mild to severe and may vary depending on the allergen and the individual’s sensitivity. Seasonal allergies, often triggered by pollen, can cause symptoms during specific times of the year. However, some individuals may experience year-round symptoms due to allergens to indoor allergens.

Recognising the symptoms of hay fever and allergic rhinitis is crucial in managing its impact. Common signs and symptoms to look out for are:

• Persistent and frequent sneezing is a common symptom of hay fever. People affected by allergic rhinitis often experience bouts of sneezing, especially when exposed to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander.
• Runny or stuffy nose (nasal congestion) can lead to difficulty breathing through the nose.
• Itchy, red, and watery eyes (allergic conjunctivitis) are common symptoms in people living with hay fever. These symptoms can also cause discomfort and sensitivity to light.
• Itchy throat or ears are often accompanied by irritation or a scratchy feeling.
• Fatigue and irritability affecting overall energy levels and mood can often be experienced after prolonged exposure to allergens.

Types of allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is often categorised into two main categories: seasonal and perennial. Understanding the differences between these types can help identify triggers and manage symptoms effectively.

Seasonal allergic rhinitis

Seasonal allergic rhinitis typically occurs during specific times of the year and is often associated with seasonal allergens such as pollen from trees, grasses, or weeds. Symptoms tend to manifest during seasons when these allergens are prevalent in the air. Hay fever is usually worse between late March and September, especially when it’s warm, humid, and windy. This is when the pollen count is at its highest.

Common characteristics of seasonal allergic rhinitis:

• Symptoms are triggered by outdoor allergens.
• Symptoms occur during specific seasons.
• Allergens like tree pollen in the spring, grass pollen in the summer, or weed pollen in the autumn may cause symptoms.
• Symptoms often include sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itchy/watery eyes, and itching in the throat or ears.

Perennial allergic rhinitis

Perennial allergic rhinitis, on the other hand, refers to year-round symptoms that occur regardless of the season. This type of allergic rhinitis is usually caused by indoor allergens, such as dust mites, pet dander and mould spores.

Common characteristics of perennial allergic rhinitis:

• Symptoms persist throughout the year.
• Indoor allergens, like dust mites, pet dander, mould, or cockroach droppings, are the primary triggers.
• Symptoms may include persistent sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy/watery eyes, and coughing.
• Reliever inhaler: This can be used as an immediate ‘reliever’ of breathing difficulties when asthma symptoms worsen.
• Aerochamber: This is a tube that you can put your inhaler in to make the asthma medication more effective.

If symptoms are still severe and affecting your ability to carry out daily tasks, including school/work, it is important to speak to your healthcare professional and discuss further treatment options.

Common triggers for hay fever and allergic rhinitis

• Pollen: Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds is a significant trigger for allergic rhinitis, especially during specific seasons. Different types of pollen can affect individuals at different times of the year, leading to seasonal allergies.
• House dust mites: These microscopic organisms thrive in household dust, bedding, upholstery, and carpets. Sensitivity to dust mites can lead to year-round allergic symptoms, particularly in indoor environments.
• Pet dander: Proteins found in the skin flakes, urine, and saliva of pets, such as cats, dogs, rodents, and birds, can trigger allergic rhinitis.
• Mould spores: Mould grows in damp areas like bathrooms, kitchens, basements, and areas with water damage. Inhalation of mould spores can provoke allergic reactions in some people.
• Cockroach droppings: Cockroach allergens present in their saliva, faeces, and body parts can trigger allergic rhinitis, particularly in urban areas with high cockroach populations.
• Air pollution: While not an allergen in itself, exposure to pollutants like vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and cigarette smoke can exacerbate allergic rhinitis symptoms and increase sensitivity to other allergens.
• Occupational allergens: Certain work environments, such as those involving exposure to chemicals, dust, fumes, or animal proteins, can trigger allergic rhinitis in some individuals.

Pinpointing which allergens are causing a person’s symptoms can significantly improve their quality of life. Avoidance measures, such as minimising exposure to triggers, can help alleviate symptoms, allowing individuals to lead more comfortable and productive lives.

For further information, visit - Hay Fever and Allergic Rhinitis | Allergy UK | National Charity